Air Pollution in Mexico City - 3015 Words

Air Pollution in Mexico City Outline Title: Air Pollution in Mexico City I. Introduction General information about the problem: As the vehicle population reached more than 700 million, numerous cities experiencing rapid industrialization started to suffer from air pollution. Some of them reduced the air pollution level; however there are still some that are considered to be the most polluted cities in the world. Introduction of the problem: One of them is Mexico City. According to Forbes, Mexican capital is one of the five dirtiest cities of the world. Industrial growth of the city, population boom, which grew from 3 million in 1950 to 20 million today, and the proliferation of vehicles in the city†¦show more content†¦All of these have already been implemented and we know that they will work for the environment. Therefore, the government should enforce these solutions and stop the air pollution in Mexico City. Air pollution in Mexico City As the vehicle population reached more than 700 million worldwide, numerous cities experiencing rapid industrialization started to suffer from air pollution (Walsh, 1999). The level of air pollution in any city is a global concern. The reason is that air can travel freely from place to place; consequently, the polluted air from one city can travel to another. The polluted air has numerous negative consequences for human health and also severely damages the ecosystem. Some of the cities reduced the air pollution level; however there are still some that are considered to be the most polluted cities in the world. One of them is Mexico City. According to Forbes, the Mexican capital is one of the five dirtiest cities of the world (Luck, 2008). The government and people have take measures in order to reduce the air pollution in Mexico City before it is too late. The government should practice legal regulations and favor the usage of hydrogen fuel instead of gas oline in order to reduce the air pollution level in Mexico City. Mexico City is one of the world’s largest metropolitan areas, containing more than 20 million inhabitants, 3.5 million vehicles, and 35,000Show MoreRelated Air Pollution in Mexico City Essay1224 Words   |  5 PagesAir Pollution in Mexico City Mexico City adds an estimated one million new residents each year, resulting in one million new aggravates to the city’s already abominable air quality (Collins, 119). Over the span of a generation, Mexico City’s air has gone from being one of the world’s cleanest to one of the world’s most polluted, as well as the most polluted in its country. 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Therefore, many people migrate from rural areas to urban areas in a process so called urbanization (Wikipedia, 2009). Urbanization has become one of the most important issues facing both people live and governments in most countries. An important term that has been suggested as a policy to solve the problems associated with urbanization isRead MoreEthic s and Environmental Case Study Essay2944 Words   |  12 Pages28, 2011 Howard Schmidt, M.S., M.B.A. Ethics and Environment Case Study Project When air pollution is mentioned, many think of the city Los Angeles. However, Beijing China and Mexico City have become well known for air pollution, with Beijing topping the list of worst air quality in the world (Raven, Berg, Hassenzahl. 2010). At the same time Mexico City is no stranger to air pollution, ranking fourth of major metropolitan areas in the world (Raven, et.al, 2010). 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Discuss the origins and evolution of accounting. What are the

Essays on Discuss the origins and evolution of accounting. What are the challenges currently faced by the profession Essay Origins and Evolution of Accounting and Challenges it is Currently Facing Accounting is the process that is used to identify, record, measure, verify, interpret and evaluate financial data of an organization. Accounting techniques and principles were developed during the times of ancient Roman Empire. The development of trade through the ancient Roman Empire up to the Industrial revolution necessitated the development of accounting. The changing business environment and modernization have improved the mode of doing business bringing several challenges to the world of accounting. This paper primarily discusses the origin, evolution and challenges facing accounting. Accounting has been in existence since the first occurrence of civilization almost 5000 years ago. In Rome, by 12th Century B.C., there was an advent of increased trading and the Roman Empire, being the most developed society at that time, needed an organized system that would document the profits it earned from its trading (Pacioli, 2010, 3). Luca Pacioli believed to be the father of accounting developed the system of double entry in accounting. He originally provided a base for double entry in bookkeeping and helped traders and merchants on proper accounting and better business practice (Pacioli 5).The Industrial revolution brought about the emergence of the need to have a more pronounced cost accounting systems as businesses developed into large corporations with more than one capital providers (Pacioli 7). Luca Pacioli says, â€Å"If you are in business and you fail to know all about your money, it will go like flies; you will lose it† (Pacioli 7). In 1887 during the industrial revolution, the rising need for public accountants led to the transformation of accounting into a profession in both the United States and England. Accounting developed into several branches such as, the financial accounting, management accounting, auditing, among others (Mukherjee Hanif 112). Financial accounting is the periodic reporting of financial condition of a company while management accounting deals with external forces such as business processes, monitoring and general business evaluation (Mukherjee Hanif 117). Auditing involves the periodic examination and verification of company accounts. Accounting has not been left behind with the global modernization, the emergence of computerized accounting and software engineering has developed software such as SAGE, Quick books and Microsoft Excel, which has supplemented and rationalized the accounting systems a factor that has reduced costs and improved business operations (Mukherjee Hanif 114 ). Accounting has currently faced several challenges with one being finding jobs for the rising number of fresh graduates from accounting institutions. The adverse global recession of 2008-2009 led to several closures of several corporations a factor that has reduced the availability of accountants’ jobs. Health problems related to stress and high blood pressure has been reported within the profession as the increase in the level of workloads business (Schroeder 57). Integrity in reporting financial condition of corporations by accounting professionals has come out as another challenge. Uncouth accountants who broadcast wrong figures to influence investors to invest in their companies stocks have in some occasions misguided investors on the financial conditions of some corporations (Schroeder 65). This has caused adverse effects with some leading to a crash in stock market. In conclusion, accounting has undergone a tremendous evolution from a simple bookkeeping to a wider and significant factor in determining the course of business, monitoring and evaluating financial condition and forecasting of where to invest and not to invest. Works Cited Douglas A Schroeder: Accounting and Causal Effects: Econometric Challenges-Springer, 2010. Print. Luca Pacioli :The Rules of Double-entry Bookkeeping: Particularis De Computis Et Scripturis- Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2010. Print. Mukherjee Hanif : Modern Accountancy Vol Ii,2/E, Volume 2-Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited,2 003. Print.

Managing Overtime Worked in the Workplace Free Essays

string(153) " only alternative to this situation is to have employees already present complete their assignments and pitch in to help deliver the vacant assignments\." In the following report, I will be give illustrations and possible solutions for an overburdening problem that exists in the U.S. Postal service Operations throughout the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Overtime Worked in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now Overtime is an age-old problem that has gone long overdue without someone or a group paying serious attention to correcting this problem. The United States Postal Service is a large organization with many facets of operations; I will be concentrating on what we call the Field Operation or Area Office. This is where the public comes into personal contact with the Postal Service either by way of the individual letter carrier (mailman) or the window clerk who assists with business transacted at the post office. Every community across America has a Post Office. We are one of the most visible employers in the world. The U.S. Postal Service employs approximately 750 thousand diverse people. Many different cultures and nationalities come together to combine as an efficient workforce that gets the job done. The pay is moderate, so it would be pretty difficult to become independently wealthy working for the Postal Service. But, there are some employees that believe if they work, as much overtime as possible, maybe they can become rich. Unfortunately, this poses a daily obstacle to overcome for most managers in the U.S. Postal Service. The U.S. Postal Service is a production driven outfit therefore; everything is based on production verses cost ratio. The average workday for a postal employee is eight hours. It does not take a genius to figure out that the longer it takes to do the job, the more money is made. So, the employee that desires more money would be motivated to take longer to complete his or her assigned task(s). Historically, the Postal Service has been plagued with managers that were not diligent in doing their jobs with regard to overtime management. Because of this clusters of employees became accustomed to a Carte Blanche style of working. Employees were in effect managing the overtime and work production. During my career as a letter carrier, I completed my assigned tasks within my eight-hour shift working overtime only when deemed necessary by my manger. When I became a manager, I expected everyone who worked for me to have the same work ethics that I had. If this was not case, I attempted to force them to work as hard as I did. I later found out that this was not a good management approach. In fact, this was the easiest way to harvest disgruntle employees. Here was my dilemma; I was the new young manager who expected an honest day†s work, for an honest day’s pay, paired with a staff that had been allowed to do whatever they wanted for the past ten years. The office of my first management assignment had 90 percent of the employees working an average of 10-16 hours of overtime per week. My performance as a manager as well as well as the production performance for our office was based on the amount of manpower hours used to deliver the total volume of mail. I will present information about the systems put in place that worked as a check and balance format. These systems enabled me to demonstrate to my employees that my requests were not unfair or unreasonable. I will discuss the areas that the employees were able to assist in helping to aleve the excessive use of overtime. I will also discuss in detail areas that contributed to the excessive use of overtime that did not involve my employees. With implementation of the new systems, my office has reduced its overtime to 14 percent.    While controlling overtime may seem as easy as just making an announcement â€Å"that no one is allowed to work overtime†; this is very far from true in the U.S. Postal Service area offices. There are many variables that come into play, the first of which is staffing. In order to do a good job; the office must be properly staffed. We have percentage breakdowns that factor in amounts of carrier routes; amounts of deliveries per zip code that derives to an employee complement. Each office has a number that satisfies their complement. If for any reason a particular office is operating under their complement that makes the task a more difficult. Any office can be fine one week and short the next, due to retirement, injuries, or details to name a few. If any of the aforementioned were to occur a manager could request replacement for these employees, whether they will be granted or not is another story. Then we have the day-in day-out mystery of who will call in on sick leave. Having any of these instances to take place in a given day can simply cripple an operation. If we take a carrier operation anywhere in the world that has 35 city carrier routes and 4 carriers call in sick on a Monday, that manager now has to scramble to get coverage for those four vacant routes. It is not like other organizations where your work can carry over by one day; the mail must be delivered daily without exception. This makes it difficult to get the work done in an eight–hour day for the remaining employees. The first thing the manager must do is to telephone four employees who would normally have the day off and ask them to come in and work their day off. Bare in mind that the U.S. Postal Service has something called an Overtime Desired List, a voluntary list of employees who wish to work overtime on assignments. When the manager telephones employees to come in on their day off, he must first call those on the Overtime Desired List. If the manager does not get four employees from the list, he may then exercise the option to call employees not on the Overtime Desired List. The only alternative to this situation is to have employees already present complete their assignments and pitch in to help deliver the vacant assignments. You read "Managing Overtime Worked in the Workplace" in category "Essay examples" The advantage of this situation is that it allows you to minimize your overtime usage for the day. If the manager was able to get four employees from the Overtime Desired List to come he has automatically used 32 hours of overtime for that day. By having employees already present work additional hours, you are able to use far less overtime for that day. This is an area I feel managers need to stress to their bosses so that all efforts are exhausted in hiring more employees for offices to operate under their complement. The earlier mentioned example could have been avoided had that office been properly staffed. A fully complemented office would have unassigned employees who would have been given those assignments for the day avoiding the need for overtime. In order to be a successful office you must be fully complemented. When I was finally able to get my office fully complemented my overtime was reduced by 10% – 30% as shown in the graph below. The U.S. Postal Service has another formula that we use to gauge an employee†s production. There is a standard based on demonstrated ability. We can not hold Carrier A to Carrier B†s standards. This formula is for sorting letters and flats (magazines, newspapers, etc.). The formula allows 1 hour to sort 2 feet of letter mail. This is 2 linear feet, 2 linear feet equals 454 pieces of letter mail or 230 pieces of flat mail. So in order to standardize an employee the manager must count out 2 feet of mail, letters or flats, and calculate the amount of time it takes the employee to sort this mail. The average carrier has no problem at all meeting this quota, but there are those who attempt to outsmart their managers. If the manager is not focused on them during the sorting period there are those carriers who have the tendency to leave their areas to socialize among their coworkers, or â€Å"slow sort† their mail. The longer it takes a carrier to sort his mail, the longer it takes that carrier to get out of the office on the street to deliver this mail, making this same carrier late in returning from his assignment guaranteeing this carrier overtime for the day. You multiply this by several carriers in one office daily and you come up with an unaccountable amount of overtime usage as a manager. This affects your production numbers for the office as a whole. This where a manager has to jump in and approach the individual carriers immediately. As a manager I that this has happen to, I have approached the individual and asked some very basic questions to make certain that there are no health or personal issues going on with the carrier affecting their productivity. If nothing out of the ordinary exists, I point out that they are not meeting their productivity quota and make certain suggestions to assist them in meeting their quota. There are those times when you are challenged as a manager to verify your findings. When those situations arise, I go out and measure, with the carrier present, the actual number of feet of mail for them to sort and time them sorting this mail. Once you demonstrate to your employees that you are only expecting from them what is minimally required, and that you will hold them accountable for just that you run into this type of problem less and less. Another major contributor to overtime usage is the actual mail flow itself. Most days this is not a problem, but when it is a problem it is usually a big problem. In Northern Virginia we have two mail distribution centers, one in Merrifield and one in Dulles. For the Falls Church Post Offices, we receive our mail from Merrifield. Each morning we receive 3 dispatches of mail from 6:00 a.m. to 8:30 a.m. When these dispatches are on time everything runs smoothly, but when these dispatches are late an office goes from running smoothly to being hectic. One of the main reasons for a delayed dispatch is the mechanical failure of a mail-processing machine in Merrifield. In preparing itself for the new millenium, the U.S. Postal Service Distribution Centers are equipped with high-tech automated mail processing machines that do the job of ten employees sorting mail. In the event of a mechanical failure, one of our dispatches can be delayed by 1 – 2 hours. This 1 – 2 hour delay is passed along to my operation in 1 – 2 hours of down time for my carriers while they are waiting for their mail to deliver. That equals approximately 1 –2 hours of unforeseen overtime per employee that day. As demonstrated in the graph below this is a large usage of overtime for an entire office when calculated. The combination of mail volume and properly scheduled mail dispatches is critical in minimizing overtime. In closing, I would suggest that as we approach a new millenium the U.S. Postal Service would be better served by doing away with some of the older ways of thinking. The Overtime Desired List should be dismantled. This forces managers to go outside of the employees already present for work as a first solution to a vacant assignment list. To me this encourages overtime usage. I would also suggest for offices receiving mail dispatches late at least 3 times a week to move their scheduled time for mail receipt back and bring their carriers in a little later to accommodate for the dispatch schedules. For example if an office has consistently been receiving their dispatches an hour late, instead of having the carriers report to work at 6:30 a.m. they would move the carriers reporting times up to 7:30 a.m. instead eliminating that hour of downtime per person that they are losing. How to cite Managing Overtime Worked in the Workplace, Essay examples

The Effects Of Drugs Essay Research Paper free essay sample

The Effects Of Drugs Essay, Research Paper Introduction Many different drugs have different effects on the organic structure. This paper focuses on the effects caused by three widely used drugs opium, cocaine, and hemp. They have many common effects between them. Some features of the effects of those drugs are those of stimulations and others are those of sedatives. We will depict the chemical effects of each drug on the organic structure. Opium Opium is a drug produced from the capsules of the opium poppy. When fresh from the works it is a icky light brown mass ( # 8221 ; Opium, # 8221 ; Microsoft? Encarta? Online Encyclopedia 2000 ) . After it is allowed to dry out it hardens and darkens. Its chemical expression consists of 17 C atoms, 19 H atoms, 3 O atoms, and 1 N atom ( Barbara Hodgson, 1999, p 15 ) . Opium has an extended history. It was foremost used about 3400 B. C. In the early 1800? s British opium runners illicitly smuggled the drug into China. In making this they made tremendous net incomes and hooked many Chinese citizens on the drug. This illegal trade caused a war, suitably titled the? Opium War. ? Finally when the Chinese began migrating out into the universe they spread opium usage. Opium can be smoked, eaten, rummy or injected. Most commonly it was smoked. This was in portion because opium designed for smoke was the cheapest and easiest to obtain. Smokers took their wont really earnestly. They normally possessed a tobacco user? s kit, which included a lamp to illume the opium, a box to hive away it, one of a assortment of different pipes, excess bowls for the pipe, a sponge and bowl scraper to clean the pipe, and a pillow to rest their caputs on as they smoked ( Barbara Hodgson, pgs.1-46 ) . Most tobacco users did so in groups, usually in topographic points called? opium dens? . These lairs were located in metropoliss and many in Chinatowns. Chinatowns were countries within metropoliss where the Chinese migrated to, lived, and brought their dependences to. The nuts who ingest opium orally are nicknamed? opium feeders? ( Barbara Hodgson, p.3, 62 ) . This comestible opium is in the signifier of pills and it has a dreadfully acrimonious gustatory sensation. The signifier of opium that can be drunk is called tincture of opium, which is an opium-alcohol mixture. ( Barbara Hodgson, p 3 ) . With the innovation of the subcutaneous syringe during the American Civil War, injection presented another manner for nuts to acquire their hole. The opium derived functions that were introduced to the organic structure through a syringe were called morphia and heroine, both of which were highly habit-forming. There were commercial drugs that were introduced into the market which were suppos ed to assist nuts kick their opium wont. These drugs did non assist really good due to the fact that most of them contained either opium or some other habit-forming drug, hence hooking the nut. Other commercial merchandises that contained opium were cough sirups and babe comforting medical specialties. Of class, opium would do babes halt shouting but it had many negative side effects. Many kids grew up with malformations and mental deceleration. Opium was a really popular drug, but it caused much injury ( Barbara Hodgson, p1-7 ) . Opium? s short-run affects include sleepiness, dizziness, failing, euphory, dry oral cavity, urinary keeping, and irregularity. It is said that the most effectual manner to smoke opium is by lying on your side with your caput on the pillow mentioned in the tobacco user? s kit. Most people could non sit up and smoke opium because they became excessively giddy or tired to stay unsloped, or were to weak to keep up the pipe. Whenever people smoked opium they went to kip instantly afterwards. This was rather a sight at the opium dens, where there would be tonss of people passed out on the floor. They smoked merely for a few proceedingss of pleasance and anyplace from 1 to 3 hours of near-paralytic slumber. Opium gave a impermanent feeling of euphory to anyone who used it. This was the chief ground why the drug was in such high demand. It let people acquire off from the emphasis of their mundane lives. Opium besides caused its maltreater to desiccate. After smoking one would imbibe much H2 O and liquid to assist comfort their atrocious thirst. This desiccation leads to irregularity and urinary keeping, both of which tended to be rather painful ( http: //new.health-center.com/db/PageReq ) . Opium? s long-run affects include hallucinations, psychosis, and ictuss. If an opium nut consumed their drug over a long period of clip, they normally developed several harmful side effects. One of them was repeating hallucinations, which have been compared to the? trips? induced by the contemporary psychedelic drug LSD, besides known as? acid. ? During these hallucinations people see objects and people that are non truly at that place. These people and objects sometimes talk to them. For case, if an nut was holding hallucinations while eating, their nutrient might speak to them and state, ? Don? T eat me. ? Another long-run affect that relates closely to hallucination is psychosis. This is the status in which the user loses touch with world, their head is really disorganised, and their thought procedure is altered greatly. They are witting but do non hold much common sense ( hypertext transfer protocol: //new.health-center.com/db/PageReq ) . Psychosis is a type of altered consciousness. Seizures are another side consequence, happening after prolonged usage of opium. This is because the organic structure is rejecting the drug. As with any drug, opium overdosing is possible. The symptoms that indicate an overdose are marked by excess sleepiness and giddiness, utmost confusion, a possible coma, bradycardia ( abnormally decelerate pulse ) and down external respiration ( http: //new.health-center.com/db/PageReq ) . Some other drugs derived from opium include morphia, heroine, and codeine. Both morphia and heroine can be injected into the organic structure through the usage of acerate leafs. Morphine is normally given for hurting alleviation to people who have undergone surgery or who have serious hurts. Morphine acts in the encephalon to diminish the feeling of hurting and to cut down emotional response to trouble, as do most opiates. Since morphia is made from the same poppy flowers as opium it is extremely habit-forming. Morphine was used more in the yesteryear than it was now. It is on its manner out of the drug mistreating society ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/002502.cfm ) . Heroine usage, on the other manus, is lifting in the drug community. Heroine? s effects are about indistinguishable to morphine? s because it is made from the same opium poppy and it is introduced to the organic structure in the same manner, through a acerate leaf. Codeine is another opiate that is turning rather popular today. It is introduced into the organic structure in the signifier of a pill. It is habit-forming but non about every bit habit-forming as the other opiates mentioned so far. It is used as a analgesic and cough suppressant ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.healthcentral.com/mhc/top/002502.cfm ) . All of these opiates are rather harmful to the organic structure as are most illegal drugs. To kick their dependence, nuts must travel through many old ages of rehabilitation and normally through many returns. After traveling for some clip without their drug the nuts in rehabilitation undergo backdown. Opium backdown symptoms include anxiousness, depression, sickness, diarrhoea, or hurting ; symptoms vary with the type of drug. The overall uneasiness associated with backdown is due to the deficiency of drug content in the user? s system. After an nut is so used to being high and they come down, they can non manage a normal life with emphasis. Opiates are atrocious drugs and they have many hideous effects on the organic structure ( http: //new.health-center.com/db/PageReq ) . Cocaine Cocaine is a powerful stimulation with awful side effects on the organic structure. # 8220 ; It is a stimulating drug derived from the South American coca works, Erythroxylon coca # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, 1994, p.169 ) . The intranasal, inspiration and endovenous usage causes complications to critical variety meats in the organic structure and besides creates many complications such as the geting diseases and psychiatric jobs. One of the ways cocaine may be used is in the signifier of coca paste and cleft used thru smoking. ? Coca paste consists of a mixture of cocaine, kerosine, sulphuric acid, and Na carbonate? . The white or brown paste is allowed to be dry after being manufactured ; it is so placed at the terminal of a baccy or marihuana coffin nail, and inhaled profoundly? ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.20 ) . Cocaine can besides be smoked in the cleft signifier and is made utilizing a process of responding chemicals. ? Crack is produced by uniting cocaine hydrochloride with Na hydrogen carbonate ( baking sodium carbonate ) . This mixture is heated until all the H2O has evaporated. The attendant merchandise is little white french friess, dwelling of the alkalic precipitate of cocaine? ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.21 ) . Another signifier of cocaine is crystalline cocaine hydrochloride. This compound is chopped up finely by a razor blade to be used for snorting and/or for endovenous usage. # 8220 ; Cocaine is prepared for endovenous disposal by puting between one-tenth and one-fourth of a gm in a spoon and so adding H2O. This aqueous solution is so strained, after which it is drawn up into a syringe and injected into a vena. Euphoria occurs about instantly # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.23 ) . Cocaine is popularly used because it works as a vasoconstrictive. A vasoconstrictive is a substance that can compress blood vass to a specific country to where it was applied. ? ? . therefore blood vass in the country exposed to cocaine are reduced in size, and blood flow to that country is diminished? ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.34 ) . Since cocaine restricts blood flow, foods and O are unable to flux decently to many variety meats, which restricts the cells in that country to go malnourished. When the blood flow is diminished, it causes the individual # 8217 ; s sympat hetic nervous system ( which controls the â€Å"fight or flight† response ) to be activated. Once the sympathetic nervous system is activated, a user enters in a province of euphory where the individual may experience more activated and qui vive. One of the variety meats that the vasoconstrictive effects is the bosom. When cocaine is taken through intranasal disposal, a high bosom rate and blood force per unit area may ensue. These jobs can take to cardiomyopathy, the status in which the bosom contracts abnormally. # 8220 ; Cardiomyopathy may be caused by a direct toxic consequence of cocaine on the bosom. Peoples who have cardiomyopathy are more susceptible to bosom onslaughts and to sudden cardiac decease # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.34 ) . The ground myocardiopathy may ensue is due to the sudden addition in bosom rate and blood force per unit area. Cocaine besides has effects on the respiratory system. An overdose of cocaine may ensue in respiratory apprehension. A individual can besides obtain other respiratory jobs if he or she smokes it, because of the reduced sum of transit of O to the blood. A syndrome called cleft lung may ensue. # 8220 ; Patients with this syndrome may see chest hurting, shortness of breath, or coughing up blood. Symptoms may get down about instantly after smoking cleft, or up to 48 hours after cleft was last used # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.35 ) . Out of all the variety meats in the human organic structure, cocaine produces the greatest effects on the encephalon. # 8220 ; Cocaine is a really powerful drug that deeply influences encephalon map # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.70 ) . The encephalon plants by directing electrical urges to every nervus cell in the organic structure. The encephalon uses neurotransmitters to transport electrical urges across the spreads that separate nerve cells. To look into the effects of cocaine on the organic structure, research workers check the production, release and dislocation of assorted neurotransmitters. # 8220 ; Neurotransmitters are broken down into a assortment of metabolic terminal merchandises that can be measured in piss, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.35 ) . # 8220 ; ? . cocaine blocks the return ( re-uptake ) of neurotransmitters from the synaptic infinite back into the presynaptic nerve cell ( therefore interfering with their metabolic dislocation ) ? . # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.57 ) . # 8220 ; High doses of cocaine and other cardinal nervous systems stimulations besides appear to increase the firing rate of dopamine-containing nerve cells in the encephalon # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.67 ) . Dr. Micheal Sherer demonstrated a correlativity between Dopastat degrees and paranoia. # 8220 ; Dr. Sherer showed that suspicion and paranoia were related to an addition of homovanillic acid, proposing paranoia in these topics was related to increased degrees of Dopastat in the encephalon # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.67 ) . Cocaine can besides do psychological effects to a individual. As the euphoric province lessenings after frequent usage, the individual may experience dependant on the drug and autumn into depression with and/or without it. # 8220 ; ? .cocaine can do roller-coaster like swings between euphory and depression. As the frequence and strength of cocaine usage addition, the badness of the depression can increase proportionally # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.47 ) . At this province, cocaine users may fall back to suicide. He/she may experience worthless because of failed efforts of halting the usage of cocaine. Not merely does cocaine impact the user, but besides greatly affects the household. Cocaine, Second Edition, shows how a users dependence can ache the remainder of the household. # 8220 ; When 21-year-old # 8216 ; Tom # 8217 ; ran out of money after a cocaine orgy, he asked his parents to drive him New York City to refill his supply. When they demurred, he threatened to rob a gas station to finance his wont. Tom # 8217 ; s parents neer found out whether he would hold carried out his menace, because they gave in to his petition. This scenario was repeated legion occasions, ever with the same consequence. Tom # 8217 ; s parent # 8217 ; s finally sold their place to go on back uping their boy # 8217 ; s wont. His female parent said, # 8216 ; Whenever I thought of non giving in to him, I imagined him in a shoot-out with the constabulary and I pictured Tom dead. No affair what, I couldn # 8217 ; t allow that go on to my male child # 8221 ; ( Weiss, Mirin, and Bartel, p.111 ) . Cannabis Cannabis sativa is a tall works that grows in many parts of the universe. Cannabis sativa is considered a hemp works. It is known as the most lasting of the hemp workss, and produces the toughest fabric, called canvass. This hemp works is used for many intents but is largely normally developed as a signifier of drug readying to about 300 million people throughout the universe ( Wagmanm, 1986, p.1376 ) . There are many drug derived functions generated from the hemp works. The most common signifier that is used extensively throughout the United States is the signifier known as marihuana. Other signifiers include Charas, found throughout India, and a brown pulverization called hasheesh, found in the Middle East ( Wagmanm, p.1377 ) . This works besides produces three other of import merchandises. It produces seed, mush, and medical specialty ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cannabis.com/faqs/hemp1.shtml ) . The mush is used as fuel, and to do paper. The seed of the works is used for both human and carnal nutrients. The oil can be utilized as a signifier of base for pigments and varnishes. A pigment in the works produces medicine that can be used for a assortment of intents. Although it is legal to posses hemp in the United States, intending the roots, chaff, and stems of the hemp works, it is illegal to posses marihuanas, which is defined as the flowers, buds, or foliages of the hemp works. Therefore, the changeless use of marihuana in the United States has been a outstanding drug issue throughout the old ages ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cannabis.com/faqs/hemp1.shtml ) . The usage of hemp sativa when used in the organic structure can be both good and hurtful. The affects of hemp sativa on the organic structure are really interesting and sometimes different depending on the person. The organic structure seems to take on a feeling of being caught between a phase? half manner between elation and drowsiness, with some heightened or altered perceptual experiences ( of sounds and colour, for illustration ) ? ( Wagmanm, p.1378 ) . An experient tobacco user will experience as if there is a slowed-down sense of clip, and at times experiences mild concern or sickness. However, it has besides been observed that people utilizing big doses of marihuana, hasheesh, and THC have induced what they termed hallucinations and psychotic reactions ( Wagmanm, p.1378 ) . Some people experience nil at all if they are non anticipating to experience affects on the organic structure while smoking. Although, if a individual is experiencing anxiousness, they may besides experienc e terror ( Wagmanm, p.1378 ) . Whatever the effects may be for the person, in most instances, any signifier of hemp sativa proves to do an altered province of consciousness throughout the organic structure every bit good as strains towards a individual? s mental procedures. It is non evident what exact substances within the hemp works really bring on drug affects within the organic structure. However, scientists have discovered three of the rosin? s ingredients. These are chemical compounds known as cannabinol, cannabidiol, and THC ( THC ) . Tetrahydrocannabinol is a classified as a narcotic. Its molecular expression is C21H30O2 with a molecular weight of 314.45. THC is an active ingredient in marihuana and causes the organic structure to undergo relaxation provinces every bit good as taking to hallucinations and eccentric behaviour ( hypertext transfer protocol: //nepenthes.Lycaeum.org/Drugs/THC/msds.html ) . Cannabis is difficult to sort because its belongingss and reactions resemble both a stimulation and depressant drug. Cannabis has besides been known to hold positive effects on the organic structure when used as a medical specialty. There are many diseases which cannabis can be used for as a signifier of intervention. These diseases include multiple induration, malignant neoplastic disease intervention, AIDS, glaucoma, depression, epilepsy, megrim concerns, asthma, pruritis, sclerodoma, terrible hurting, and dystonia. Assorted chemicals in hemp have chemical utilizations for intervention in the organic structure. Cannabinol is used for the intervention of kiping upsets. It can assist in loosen uping the senses and giving the organic structure a better ability to kip. Cannabidiolic acid is besides used as a germicide. AIDS patients use marihuanas to handle purging and sickness. Surveies have shown that marihuana can be effectual in cut downing the force per unit area of fluids with the eyes of patients enduring from glaucoma ( Wagmanm, p.1378 ) . Cannabis sativa, when used in the signifier of medica l specialty, can be highly good to the organic structure. No affair what signifier of hemp is extracted for usage on the human organic structure, its effects are highly changing. A individual can utilize its effects in a positive or negative manner. They can utilize it to altar their province of consciousness when seeking to get away some kind of interior struggles or to functionally mend their complaints. Its use is still considered immoral throughout the United States, unless its usage is for medical demands. The chemical effects of THC, cannabolinol, and cannabidiol prove to be the most of import active rules within the hemp works, and their reactions within the organic structure are the cause of assorted changes in consciousness. Decision These three drugs have been chemically proven to do many alterations within the human organic structure. Some alterations may be positive, while others may be harmful. Opium and cocaine are both really habit-forming and cause backdown symptoms. Even though these drugs cause chemical changes on the organic structure, one million millions of people continue to utilize so them throughout the universe. All of these drugs are chiefly used for their euphoric effects to get away the struggles within 1s personal life. Mentions # 8220 ; Opium, # 8221 ; Microsoft? Encarta? Online Encyclopedia 2000 hypertext transfer protocol: //encarta.msn.com? 1997-2000 Microsoft Corporation.

Of White Hairs and Cricket by Rohinton Mistry free essay sample

What does Manolin offer Santiago? He offers to return to Santiago after making some money with successful fishermen. 6. What plan did he announce to Manolin? He announces his plan to go far out in the sea the following day. 7. How was Santiago’s shack? It was furnished with only a bed, a table and chair. There was a place to cook. On the wall were two pictures, one of the Sacred Heart of Jesus and the other of the Virgin Cobre, the patroness. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 20 8. What made Santiago feel lonely? What did he do for that? The photograph of his wife made him feel lonely. So he threw it down. 9. What was Santiago’s recurring dream about? It was of lions playing on the white beaches of Africa, a scene he saw from his ship when he was a very young man. 10. How does he consider the sea? He considers it as a woman whose wild behavior is beyond her control. We will write a custom essay sample on Of White Hairs and Cricket by Rohinton Mistry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 11. What objects does he observe while moving away from the shore? He observes flying fish pursued by dolphins, a diving, circling sea bird, Sargasso weed, the purple Portugese man of war, the small fish that swim among the jellyfish like creatures filaments. 12. How did Santiago know that a huge fish was pulling on the line? He saw the projecting stick that marks the top of the hundred fathom line dip sharply. 13. Why cannot Santiago increase the tension on the line? The line is too taut as the marlin is pulling the line. So it will break and the fish will get away. 14. How does he keep his strength after his hand being cut? He eats the tuna he caught the day before which he had expected to use as bait. 15. When does he declare that the marlin is great? What does he decide at that time? The fish leaps into the air and Santiago sees that it is bigger than any he has ever seen. It is two feet longer than the skiff itself. Santiago decides not to let the fish learn its own strength. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 21 16. What are his thoughts about baseball and other games? He thinks that the great DiMaggio plays brilliantly even though he had the pain of bone spur in his heel. He wonders if DiMaggio would stay with the marlin. To get more confidence, he recalls the great all-night arm-wrestling match he won as a young man. Having defeated the great Negro Cienfuegos, Santiago earned the title ‘The Champion’. 17. When did Santiago wish that the boy was with him when the marlin repeatedly jumps out of the water? Santiago is thrown into the bow of the skiff, face down in his dolphin meat. He tries to control the line with his back and hands. Then he wishes that Manolin was with him. 18. When does he feel ‘I do not care who kills who’? When the marlin begins to circle, riot against the line, battering the boat with its spear, Santiago feels faint and dizzy and sees black spots before his eyes. He thinks that the fish is killing him. 19. What does he feel after killing the marlin? He thinks about how much money he will be able to make from such a big fish. He also imagines that DiMaggio the famous baseball player would be proud of him. 0. What happens an hour after killing the marlin? Having smelled the marlin, blood, a mako shark comes. It hits the marlin and eats 50 pounds of its flesh. Santiago sinks the harpoon into its head and takes the weapon along with him. 21. How does he try to cheer himself? By saying that â€Å"a man can be destroyed but not defeated† he cheers h imself. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 22 22. Why does he believe that he violated his luck when he sailed too far out? When he finds that the flesh of the marlin is eaten by the sharks and only the bone with the head is left, he thinks thus. 23. According to Santiago what was the thing that defeated him? It was that he went too far into the sea. Paragraph Questions and Answers 1. Character Sketch of Santiago, the Hero of the novel Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea highlight Santiago as the main character. He is the ‘Old Man’ of the title. Santiago is a Cuban fisherman. He has been unlucky for a great span of time. For eighty four days, he has been unable to catch a fish. He is proud of his abilities even after this defeat. He is humble and has great knowledge of the sea and its creatures. He is talented in his craft. He has great hope even after the unlucky circumstance he faces. He always faces challenges in his life. The marlin is the greatest challenge he faces and fights for three days continuously. His victory over this fish brings out his spirit of adventure. 2. Character Sketch of Manolin Manolin is a minor character who appears in the beginning and at the end of the novel. His presence is very important since his devotion and love to Santiago reveals the Old Man’s value as an individual and a fisherman. Even though Santiago is a failure as fisherman, Manolin likes to go fishing with him. Manolin shows this love openly. He is eager about Santiago’s food and ther necessities. Manolin is a good companion to Santiago even though their ages differ greatly. His parents want him to go with other successful fishermen but Manolin is determined to come back to Santiago after earning money. At the end of this novel we find Manolin abandoning his father and going to Santiago. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 23 Essay Questions and A nswers 1. Bring out the symbolism implied in the struggle of the old man against the sea in the novel. The word symbolism came to be associated with Hemingway only after the appearance of the novel The Old Man and the Sea. In The Old Man and the Sea, we find that the symbolism of Hemingway has far deeper significance. Here also the story is only the small visible part built up by a series of parables and symbols. Hemingway himself has said, â€Å"I tried to make a real old man a real old man and a real boy, a real scene, a real fish and real sharks. But if I made them good and sure enough, they would mean many things. So apart from being a moving little story on fishing, the book could be read as personal parable and universal allegory†. Hemingway has taken many facts from his own life for this novel. Something of his character and personality is given to the hero of the novel. But in The Old Man and the Sea, the identification between the author and the hero is complete. In Santiago’s story the reader is to detect the struggles of Hemingway his confidence and his determination. Santiago goes for his work always with care and precision. He shows extraordinary courage. He represents Hemingway. They are similar in many ways. In spite of the extreme difficulties Santiago triumphs over the fish, even though finally he is defeated by the sharks. He is happy that he did not surrender to the marlin or the sea. For Hemingway Gulf Stream is time. The marlin which is hidden in the deep sea is truth hidden in the depth of time. Hemingway is trying to understand this truth like Santiago who tries to catch the marlin from the depth of the sea. We see Hemingway’s daring soul in Santiago’s determination to go far into the sea. The symbolism in the soul is not limited to personal level. The whole novel is underlined by a universal parable. It is the representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces. Victory is possible in this action. Santiago represents the great heroes of Greek tragedy fated to failure yet struggling nobly against the hatred of an adverse enemy. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 24 Santiago’s aspiration, personality and inevitable nature of his failure reminds us of those heroes. His words â€Å"man is not made for defeat, a man can be destroyed, but not defeated† reflects this comparison. In the novel there is an unmistakable Christian strain. Santiago fights the good fight, without caring for the reward. Towards the end of his struggle, he even says, â€Å"I don’t care who kills who†. Santiago is an example of the doctrine of Christian love. He has the fisherman apostle and martyr from the sea of Galilee in him. He has also something of St. Francis in him as he feels for the birds and fishes. The natural compassion he feels towards creatures is essentially a Christian virtue. He repeatedly mutters â€Å"Hail Mary† but we cannot take him as a religious person. Instead we can see the Christian Spirit in him. He shows certain qualities of mind and heart which are clearly related to the character and personality of Jesus Christ in the parables. Hemingway’s use of symbolism is so restrained that he cannot be categorised along with those who are usually labeled as symbolists. He uses symbolism with a strict restraint so as to work protect his realism. . Write a note on Hemingway’s style with special reference to ‘Old Man and the Sea’. â€Å"Use short sentences. Use short paragraph. Use vigorous English. Avoid the use of adjective especially such extravagant one ‘splendid’, ‘gorgeous’, ‘grand’, ‘magnificent’ etc†. Ernest Hemingway was very much indebted to these rules which demanded fresh language and economy. Even the Nobel Prize for literature in 1954 came to Hemingway mostly because of his style – his mastery of the art of modern narration. The Old Man and the Sea is the best example of Hemingway’s splendid style. The most remarkable quality of the style of ‘The Old Man and the Sea’ is its simple conversational tone. The fresh and simple, colloquial and unemotional style suited Hemingway’s objective narrative technique very well. The very beginning of the novel is informal, simple, forceful and relaxed, putting the reader immediately at ease. The simple style whichSchool of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 25 Hemingway has chosen has great appropriateness to this story of simple fisherman. Carefully chosen formal words would have been incongruous with the theme and setting which are simple too. In the simplest possible words Hemingway conveys the deepest feelings of the old man. Hemingway has practiced the strictest objectivity in writing. The author remains deliberately in the background, never thrusting himself forward. Though the story is one of much suffering, the descriptions never reach emotional heights. The author is just like a neutral onlooker and careful details kindle our imagination and tell the story themselves. The chief features of Hemingway’s style are objectivity, dramatic emphasis employing a terse dialogue, and terse sentences with little subordination. To achieve immediacy, Hemingway has used words sparingly, with a powerful suggestion of action and experience behind these words. Hemingway’s contribution to modern literature consists of employing the raw language of every day life in literature. The novel’s swift action and vivid style have contributed to its great success. In short, Hemingway’s style in ‘Old Man and the Sea’ fully reveals his involvement in writing the novel. Moreover he was able to keep up his style unflaggingly throughout the whole book. Suggested Questions 1. Give an account of the character of Santiago in Hemingway’s ‘The Old Man and the Sea’. 2. Ernest Hemingway as a realist. 3. The novel reflects the basic human qualities of comparison, courage and endurance. Justify (refer summary of the text. ) THE PHOENIX THE PHOENIX – Sylvia Townsend Introduction to the author Sylvia Townsend Warner (1893-1978) was Qn English novelist, short story writer and biographer. Her first and best seller story is Lolly Willows. In 1940, she published The Cats Cradle Book. When she was 84 she published her last and most remarkable book, Kingdom of Elfin. Summary Lord Strawberry had the finest Aviary in Europe. All the apartments for birds like eagles, humming birds, snow buntings had a climate that suited them perfectly. But for many years the finest set of apartments meant for Phoenix remained empty. It carried the label â€Å"Phoenix : Habitat : Arabia†. Many scientists on birds told the Lord that Phoenix is a fabulous bird which is extinct. But the Lord did not belt. His family had always believed in Phoenixes. Meanwhile his agents reported of birds like orioles, macaws, turkey buzzards, dyed orange etc; saying that they were phoenix. They sent their statements along with the expense of it. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 27 Lord Strawberry himself went to Arabia, found a phoenix and brought it home. It was a remarkable fine bird than the other birds in the aviary. The Lord was much attached to it. Ornithologists, poets, journalists and millionaires were impressed by it. They constantly visited it. But the bird was not attracted by these attentions. All the time it ate well and seemed perfectly calm. Lord Strawberry lost his wealth in keeping this aviary. He died penniless. The aviary was left to be sold. Usually, with such a rare bird as the Phoenix, it would have been costly but it happened that the Lord died just after the World War Money and bird seed became hard things to come by. At first a fund called Strawberry Phoenix Fund, was opened by the London Zoo. To it students and naturalists contributed according to their ability. As their means were small, the fund raised was not high. So Lord Strawberry’s executors who had the death duties to consider accepted the offer of Mr. Tancred Polder, owner and proprietor of Poldero’s Wizard Wonderland. He considered his phoenix a bargain. It adapted itself to its new surroundings. It makes profits to Mr. Poldero until the crowds began to lose interest. Poldero goes on a new venture to gain profits learning that it will give a grand show of flames at the end of its life. He proceeds to age the bird unnaturally. He didn’t give it proper food, made it cold and put disagreeable birds and alley cats with it. He did all these because its natural environment was Arabia, a dry place. When he understood the phoenix was nearing death, he called the media to shoot the spectacular show of the bird’s death and rebirth. The bird died and was reborn in the flame but the greedy Poldero and viewers also died in the process. This story is a satire on the human desire to view strange things. The irony is that the crowd who came to see the end of the Phoenix faced their own death. Self-Check Questions 1 Consider The Phoenix as a satire on the human need to see strange things and disordering the natural phenomenon. 2. Bring out the irony in â€Å"The Phoenix†. 3. The story is a conflict between Man and self and Man and Nature. UNIT 2 OF WHITE HAIRS AND CRICKET – Rohinton Mistry Introduction to the Author Rohinton Mistry born on 3rd July 1952, is an Indian born Canadian writer in English. He belongs to the Parsi community. He published 11 short stories in the Penguin Books. He won the Governor General’s Award for his second novel Such a Long Journey. It also won the commonwealth writer prize for Best Book. His third book A fine Balance got the Giller Prize. His books picture the different aspects of Indian socioeconomic life and Parsi Zoroastrian life, customs and religion. Summary This story is taken from the collection ‘Swimming Lessons and other Stories’. It is a first person view through a 14-year old boy Kersi Boyce’s eye. It is a concern over age and mortality. Every Sunday morning Kersi has to pull the white hairs from his father’s head. He is looking for a job and wants to look young. He has been unemployed and is seeking for one. The father, during this time goes through the classified advertisement for jobs. Kersi’s grandmother Mamaiji has had her cataract surgery and is supposed to be taking rest. But she insists on spinning thread. She winds the thread in a very experienced way. Kersi is fascinated by this. Kersi’s father declares a certain ad promising and wants the boy to pluck every white hair. Mamaiji always disagrees with him saying that the boy is underfed. It is now that the father says that the ad will end their troubles. Kersi’s mother always speaks optimistically but this day she keeps silent. At the end mother asks him to forget planning and leave things to God. Kersi gets sick of pulling out the white hair. He goes into the compound and finds Dr. Sidhwa visiting Viraj’s house. Kersi sees his best friend Viraf and greets him. He waits for a bit and then goes and speaks to Viraf. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 29 Kersi finds his friend very much upset. He understands that his friend’s father is ill. Kersi goes to see the sick person. He is in bed, needles sticking out of him. Now he thinks about his father. He is also mortal. He understands that his father is growing old. He remembers how his father used to take him and his brother out for playing. Now his father does not do that. Kersi thinks of the white hairs on his father’s head. It is growing more and more. This makes him realize that his father is growing old. He returns and wants to pluck out the white hairs in his father’s head, to stop him growing old. But his ego stops him. He wants his father to ask him first. He doesn’t ask his father, instead goes to his room and cries. The thought of death comes to him when he sees Viraf’s father’s end. Many things give him the thought of mortality, growing up and death. They are the loss of childhood, cricket matches, and the increasing weakness of Mamaiji and the father’s vain hope of getting a new job. The story stresses on the fact that death and aging are envitable. Self-check Questions 1. Bring out the plot in the story. 2. Give the character sketch of Kersi and his Dad. 3. How is the inevitability of aging shown through the story? 4. What role oes Viraf’s father play in the story? UNIT 3 SCHOOLS AND SCHOOLS – O. Henry Introduction to the author William Sydney Porter (1862-1910) was known by his pen name O. Henry. He was an American writer. His stories are known for their clever twisty endings. His most energetic period of writing started in 1902. His stories are set i n the earl 20th century. His famous stories are The Cop and the Anthem, The Clarion Call, The Last Leaf, The Gift of the Magi, A Retrieved Reformation, The Ransom of Red Chief etc.. Summary Old Jerome Warren was rich and lived in a hundred-thousand dollar house at 35, East Fifty Soforth Street. He was a down-town broker. He adopted his old friend’s son named Gilbert. He was a well-known painter. Old Jerome had a stepniece also, Barbara Ross. Old Jerome had no family of his own. He always took up the burdens of others. Gilbert and Barbara went on friendly. There was an understanding between the two. They instructed the minister to keep old Jerome’s money in a state of confusion. Thirty years before, there was a brother of Jerome named Dick who went to the west to seek his fortune. Nothing was heard of him until one day old Jerome got a letter from Dick. Dick was in trouble and had become a drunkard! All, that his thirty years of prospecting had gained him was one daughter. She was nineteen years old. Dick sent her by ship. He prepaid Jerome her charges to clothe, feed, educate, comfort and cherish for the rest of her natural life or until her marriage. Jerome met Neveda Warren at the station. She was an unsophisticated goodlooking little girl. Everyone was friendly towards her. But as usual a complication emerged between one man and two ladies. So upon the coming of Neveda, she and Gilbert and Barbara Ross formed a figurative triangle. One day a messenger – boy delivered a letter to Niveda. He waited for her reply. Before opening it, she knew it was from Gilbert. She asked old Jerome about Gilbert. She wanted him to read the letter Gilbert had just sent him. Jerome read it threeSchool of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 31 times. He told Neveda that Gilbert in his letter had asked whether Neveda and Barbara will be ready at four in the afternoon for an automobile drive over to Long island. Jerome found nothing wrong in his request and gave her permission to go. But he wanted her to give just a line of note to Gilbert in return. But Neveda didn’t give a reply in writing. But she said that she loved a ride in an automobile as she never had gone in one. After two months, Barbara was sitting alone in the study of the house. Old Jerome and Neveda had gone to the theatre. Barbara had a sealed letter in her hand. It was from Gilbert to Neveda. It had been delivered at nine after Neveda had left. She tried to read the lines of the letter by holding the envelope up to a strong light but she couldn’t. When Neveda returned and went to the study to Barbara, Barbara handed over the letter to her. Neveda was unbuttoning her elbow gloves. She asked Barbara whose letter it was. She was tugging at a button. Barbara guessed from the little gold palette at the corner of the envelope that it was Gilberts. When Barbara asked her to read and find out the contents of the letter. Neveda pretended as if she was had difficult in unbuttoning and wanted Barbara to read it. Out of curiosity Barbara readily read it. She told Neveda that it was Gilbert’s invitation to Neveda to go to his studio at twelve that night. Neveda went to Gilbert’s studio. Gilbert asked if she had read his letter. She told him that Barbara read it for her and she saw it later. Gilbert telephoned his old friend Jack Peyton and his sister saying that it was going to get married. He wanted her to show him the letter. They were going to have a drive. While he pretended putting on his raincoat, he asked Neveda to read the newspaper. It was then that she said she had never been to school and never learned to read or write. After their marriage Gilbert told Neveda what he had written in that letter. It was about some flowers, hydrangea and lilac. Barbara played the joke anyway. Self-check Questions 1. Character sketches of Gilbert, Barbara and Neveda 2. Bring out the suspense in the story. 3. How did Barbara act as a mediator of Gilbert and Neveda? 4. What incident culminated in the marriage of Gilbert and Neveda? 5. How did Barbara help them to get married? School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 32 UNIT 4 DIAMOND NECKLACE – Guy de Maupassant Introduction to the author Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893) is a well known 19th century French novelist, short story writer and poet. He is regarded as one of the fathers of the modern short story. His stories have the special feature of economy of style and twist at the end. He wrote some 300 short stories, six novels, three travel books and one volume of verse. His masterpiece story is Ball of Fat. Summary Mathilde Loisel is â€Å"pretty and charming†. She always feels uncomfortable in being married to a lowly clerk in the Ministry of Education. She believes that she has been born into a family of unfavourable economic status. Mr. Loisel was able to provide her only with a humble life style. She feels sorry in having to live like this. She imagines a luxurious life. She dreams of the extravagant rooms and food. She does not possess any costly jewels or clothing. She always wishes for this. She never goes to her rich friend Madame Forestier since it would make her still unhappy thinking of her life. One day Mr. Loisel comes home from office with a special surprise. He is proud of it. It is an invitation to a formal party hosted by the Ministry of Education. Loisel thinks that Mathilde will be excited for getting a chance to attend such a party where many important people may come. She cries and tells him that she doesn’t have any good dress to wear. She tells him that a suitable dress may cost 400 francs. She buys a beautiful dress with it. Her next complaint was that she doesn’t have any jewels to wear. Mr. Loisel suggests of wearing flowers, but Mathilde refuses. He tells her to borrow one from her friend Madame Forestier. Mathilde does so. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 33 At the party she becomes the target of everyone’s attention. At 4 in the morning she goes home with Loisel in a cab. At home she shockingly realizes that she has lost the diamond necklace. They search everywhere but finally has to buy one to give as substitute. It costs 40000 francs. The jeweler gives it for 36000 francs. The Loisels begin to lead a life of poverty. It takes ten years to repay the debts. One Sunday she sees Madame Forestier. She cannot recognize Mathilde because she looks different. Mathilde says that the changes are because of Forestier and explain the 10 year life of strain. It is then that Forestiers tell that the diamond necklace Mathilde lost is not original but a fake one, an imitation of costume jewellery which cost nothing. Self-check Questions 1. Character sketch of Mathilde. 2. Character of Mr. Loisel 3. Role of the necklace in the life of the Loisel’s 4. How apt is the title to the story? 5. ‘’There is a deceptiveness of Appearance in the story’’. Refer closely to the text and justyify the statement. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 34 UNIT 5 MISS BRILL – Katherine Mansfield Introduction to the author Katherine Mansfield (1888-1923) was a prominent modernist writer of short fiction. She was born and brought up in New Zealand. Her first published stories appeared in the High School Reporter. She was interested in the works of Oscar Wilde. Mansfield was recognized to be a great writer in the last years of her life. Most of her works remained unpublished at her death. It was Murry who did the editing and publishing work for her. She is considered to be one of the best short story writers of her age. Many of her works including Miss Brill, Prelude, and The Garden Party are famous The Dolls House and The Fly are well known. The Dolls House is made into a film. She died of tuberculosis. Summary Miss Brill has The Jardin Publiques in a French town as its setting. It is an early autumn Sunday afternoon. Miss Brill is a middle aged spinster. This character is revealed through her own thoughts. This is called the stream-ofconsciousness narration. The air is still and Miss Brill is happy to have worn her fur stole. The stole is like any other stoles as per the fashions of the times. It is made in such a way that its fake eyes and nose can be connected to its tail. This will help the wearer to have it secured around the neck. She prepares to go for her usual Sunday stroll to the park. She brushes the fur so that she feels that life has come back into its dim eyes. Miss Brill is happy to be in the park and watches the people. The sound of the bands seem to be louder and happier for her than it has been on previous Sundays. She sits in her special seat with two others sitting nearby-an old man and woman. They did not speak. Miss Brill always expects to listen to talks. So she is disappointed at this. The old couple left after sometime. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 35 She remembers the previous Sunday. An Englishman and his wife are having a talk over the selection of spectacles for the lady. Miss Brill feels that nearly all of the people coming Sunday after Sunday are the same. There is something funny about them. Two young girls come by and two young soldiers meet them. They pair and go-off arm-in-arm. Two peasant women pass with donkeys. A cold, pale nun hurries by. A beautiful woman comes along and drops a bunch of violets. A little boy hands it to her. She taintes of the old invalid gentleman to whom she reads the newspaper four afternoons a week while he sleeps in the garden. By this time the band has been having rest. Now they start again. Just at this time a boy and girl comes and sits down where the old couple has been. They are in love. Miss Brill’s happy mood is shattered by the ridiculous comments made by them. She returns to her tiny apartments and places her fur back in its box. She imagines that she hears its crying. Self-check Questions 1. How is Miss Brill revealed through her thoughts? 2. What is the role of the stolen fur in her life? 3. What are the usual things that Miss Brill came to notice in the park? School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 36 UNIT 6 MISERY – Anton Chekhov Introduction to the Author Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904) was a Russian physician, dramatist and above all the greatest writer of short stories. He first wrote stories for financial gain. Later his artistic desire grew and he made novel changes which have influenced the evolution of modern short story. He died of Tuberculosis. Chekhov’s works have been translated into many languages. Summary The story opens with the wet snowy evening in a Petersburg street. The street has just been lighted. Iona Potapov is a sledge driver. He sits on the box without getting a fare. His mare is covered with the falling snow and it is also motionless. It’s a long time since Iona has gone driving with a passenger. It is then that an officer in a military overcoat with a hood over his head came to the sledge. He orders Iona to take him to Vyborgskaya. Iona begins to make his drive but all through the journey, the officer scolds him for driving improperly. Iona was so much depressed since he has lost his son. His son died that week after suffering from fever. He laid three days in the hospital and then died. On their way, another coachman swears at Iona, a pedestrian crossing the road brushes the horses’ nose with his shoulder. He looks angrily at Iona. Iona looks at the officer and begins to say something. It is about his son’s death. He wants to share his sorrow with someone. The officer is unwilling to listen to his sorrows. Finally they reach the destination. After sometime, three young men-two tall and thin, one short and hunchbacked, come up railing and shouting at eachother. They get into the sledge and demand Iona to take them to the Police Bridge. Inside the sledge they quarrel for the seats. Using bad language, they abuse each other. School of Distance Education Reading Fiction Page 37 Again Iona tries to tell about his son’s death but the three are not ready to listen to him. They just mocked at him. Ion’s misery is immense, beyond all bounds. If his heart is to burst and his misery to flow out, it will flood the whole world. The three get down at their destination paying twenty kopecks. They disappear into a dark passage. Then he sees a house-porter with a parcel. This man also is not in a state to listen to him. Iona can bear his sorrow no longer. He goes back to his place of residence. There also he finds no one to listen to his sorrow. He wants to talk of his son’s death, the funeral and went to the hospital to get his son’s clothes. Iona still has a daughter Anisya. Finally he goes to the stables where his mare is standing. There he talks to his mare all his sorrow. He asks his mare to imagine herself to be a mother thinking of her colt that died. The little mare just goes on munching. Self-check Questions 1. Give a character sketch of Iona. 2. How are his different passengers responding to his grief? 3. How did his mare become his silent listener?

13 Cool and Creative Ways to Say I Love You

13 Cool and Creative Ways to Say I Love You That awkward moment when you feel you love someone but do not know how to express it. Sounds familiar? It all gets even worse as the Valentine’s Day comes and it is expected to be a time to declare love. Obviously, you want to make the moment special. You want to put real meaning into the usual phrase I love you. Or you want to follow the principle an action is worth one thousand words. Anyway, here are some of the most unique ways to show your special someone how important they are to you. And not only on the Valentine’s Day. 1. Love Soundwave No, we’re not talking about sending a singing telegram. Instead, consider getting a ring, medallion, or painting of the soundwave of a special phrase. Some companies can take your loved one’s name (or even a romantic inside â€Å"code word†) and turn it into a beautiful emblem of your devotion. 2. iPhone Style Love Message In our iPhone age it’s likely that your loved one spends more time on their phone than flipping through photo albums. So, why not give him or her a constant reminder of you, every time they go to check their Facebook? There are many companies like Casetify or Spreadshirt that allow you to turn your Instagram photos into a memento case for iPhone, so your loved one always has an in-hand reminder of how much you care. 3. Magic Beans If you have a partner that doesn’t mind the anticipation of waiting for your Valentine’s message, look no further than the Talking Beans. After just a few days of tender care, this real bean plant shoots from its gift-wrapped packaging with a personal message carved into the bean itself. It’s not only cute, but it’s way healthier than candy! 4. A Toast to Remember Breakfast has never been the most romantic meal of a day. Time to break stereotypes. The inexpensive silicone toast-topper allows you to print your love message directly onto the breakfast treat. Nothing can beat this for a start to the perfect day. 5. The Art of Love Why not turn love massage into piece of love? It may seem a little cheesy but it was long ago when the poems were written and portraits were painted in the name of love. Be original and revive the tradition. You may use more modern art forms. There are ready made Love Is Art kits with white canvas, red and black paint, and body scrubber. Old fashioned pencil and paper will also do as long as you use those to express your feelings. 6. Love Puzzle Who can pass up an opportunity to attempt to complete a puzzle? Now, you can show your love how much you care by giving them the gift of puzzlement in addition to the sweet love message. The options are numerous – create a puzzle out of your favourite photo or buy a ready made puzzle, like a Sweet Talk Valentine’s Rubik’s Cube. 7. Digital Style If you want to make a big impact on a small budget, this is one of the best experiences you can give your partner. All you need is to but helium-filled balloons and pack them into your paramour’s apartment. Then, turn your messages of love into unique QR codes and tape them to each dangling string. It’s a fun way to share the personal memos you’ve been longing to tell them. 8. Binary Language of Love Why settle for telling him or her how you feel in English? Take a step into the future by sharing your feelings in binary code. Although you can buy a necklace or ring with â€Å"I Love You† written in the language of computers, you can also save some money and create something all your own. QBit can help you translate your message so that you can turn it into art, food, or a tattoo to impress your loved one. 9. For Those Who Are Daring Enough Show that your love is eternal and you are not afraid to capture it foreveron your skin. Design a tattoo for you and your loved one and suggest to go to the tattoo salon together. If your darling is not much into tattoos, you can do it on your own. Just make sure you spell her(his) name right or better choose some original symbol of your relationships. 10. Level Up Your Love If you have a gamer sweetheart, they will go Donkey Kong all over you when they realize what this gift can do. The 8-Bit Dynamic Light Shirt is meant to be purchased in pairs, with each shirt showing six hearts at half-life. When the shirts get into proximity of each other, full health is restored. How’s that for a game-changing Valentine’s gift? 11. The Way to His Heart†¦ It just wouldn’t be a declaration of love without a bouquet. But, this year, spice it up by creating a Bacon Bouquet. All you need is a handful of plastic flower stems, a vase (or beer stein), and a package of bacon. Wrap each piece like a flower bud and fry for 8-10 minutes. This is a creative alternative to boring old roses, and far more delicious! 12. Go Old Fashioned There was an old good tradition to make mixed tapes for the dates. Romantic as hell. If you are into vintage and youll find the way to make a mixed tape or a vinyl with good music – be sure to do it. It will be appreciated for sure. However, there is an easier and more modern way to do it – CDs, mp3 players or any other ways to create a play list you may think of. 13. Just Say It Nothing is more romantic an sincere and nothing is able to express your feelings better than saying the words I love you. Make sure the moment is special. Probably itll be a bad idea to say it in the overcrowded public transport, though its your decision when the moment is write. Remember – your intonation and eye contact are important. If you get nervous about the idea – try practising it in front of the mirror. But no matter how you say it and where you say it – if you are with the right person youll never regret saying it out loud. We are waiting for your feedback! Which idea did you like the best? What is your own way to creatively express your feelings?

Descriptive analysis of a place you feel special memorable qualities Essay

Descriptive analysis of a place you feel special memorable qualities - Essay Example But I really like my high school and I feel the same as special and memorable, with a number of qualities. Imagine that you are sleeping on a warm bed and dreaming, and the time is 6 o’clock, early in the morning. Now, you know that sun will rise and you have only a few minutes to wake up, and somebody is coming nearer to pull you out from your bed. What will be your feeling? For sure, I will consider that person as an intruder into your privacy. When my school days were over and I was asked to join a college, I felt that my school is with special memorable qualities and I cannot forget it. For instance, my memories on my school are interconnected with my senses. If I happen to smell fresh varnish, my memory will make me remember the newly varnished furniture in my school. The fragrance from the flowers in my garden leads me towards the flowers in our school garden. When I enter my kitchen, the smell of cooked food leads me to our school canteen. Even the smell of a hot cup of coffee leads me to the school cafeteria. The partial vision of a class room leads me towards our class-ro oms, and the complete view of a book leads me towards our school library. When I touch my old note books, I can feel the lecture classes. The day before yesterday, I happened to go through my old text books. Then, I realized that those text books can stimulate my thought on my high school classes. For instance, I felt that some of the books were interesting because those subjects were handled by my favorite teachers. On the other side, I did not like to open some other text books because those books were related to some other subjects, I was not interested in. While traveling to my college, I used to imagine that how the new students in our high school are enjoying their classes. I feel jealous of them because they are happily studying in my own school! On the other side, college life is different but cannot be wonderful like my high school. Now I realize that I lost some close

Do gay athletes affect sports Annotated Bibliography

Do gay athletes affect sports - Annotated Bibliography Example In connection to this, the objective of this paper is therefore to find out how gay athletes affect sports. In order to understand how gay athletes affect sports, I am going to use three sources; Rethinking Homophobia in Sports: Legal Protections for gays and lesbian athletes by Anne Gregory. This article is relevant to this study because it looks at how the law protects gay athletes. For example, it looks at what are the consequences for those who will be found to be intimidating gay athletes. The article is divided into two parts; part 1 looks at the causes of homophobia in sports. While part 2, looks at the legal protections for gays and lesbian athletes. The second article that I will use is the ESPN magazine, which was published in 2013. The magazine conducted a survey on N.F.L players, to find out how many people would agree to have a gay team mate. Therefore, this magazine is very relevant to this study because it shows how players perceive their team mates based on sexuality. The third article is the New York Times magazine, which was published on 18th March, 2013. The article shows what N.F.L top management, has been doing to cope up with the increasing number of gay athletes in its team. Goessling, Ben. â€Å"86 % ok with gay team mate†. ESPN magazine. 14 February, 2014. Web. 28 February, 2014. The ESPN magazine carried out a survey on NTFL players and found out that 86 % of them would accept a gay team mate. According to the source, the players did not see how, the sexuality of their team mate would affect their play. Batista, Judy. â€Å"N.F.L. Is Pressured on Issues of Gay Rights†. The New York Times. 18 March, 2013. The

Professional Portfolio Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5750 words

Professional Portfolio - Assignment Example With his history of asthma, he was also manifesting anxiety over possible asthma attacks. His anxiety also put him in danger of a possible asthma attack. (42 words) After discharge, he was set to be discharged back to his home with his wife as his primary care giver. His wife is 70 years old, arthritic and has severe memory problems. She has difficulty moving around the house, but is determined to provide care to her husband. (48 words) Patient needs a nebulizer (salbutamol) in order to ease his chest congestion and speed-up his recovery. He also needs to complete 7-days of antibiotics in order to ensure complete recovery and prevent any relapse of his lower respiratory tract infection. (40 words) The patient is concerned about his prolonged recovery and possible asthma attacks. The carer is concerned about the patient’s difficulty in breathing which may be difficult to manage without medical assistance. (31 words) Patient needs to be referred to a respiratory therapist for further assessment of his coughing. He also needs a social worker who can assist in arranging his care and his daily activities. A private nurse who can assist his wife in the administration of medications and in the nebulization process can also be retained. (54 words) The patient also needs to be referred to his general practitioner for follow-up check-up on the progress of his recovery. He also needs to be referred to a private nurse who can help in the nebulisation and monitor his condition during instances when breathing may be difficult. (47 words) The wife may not be the best care giver for the patient because she is also senile and can sometimes be forgetful in her duties as carer. The wife has also admitted that she is concerned about her husband’s condition and that she does not know how to handle her husband’s condition, especially where difficulties in breathing and asthma attacks would occur. (62 words) The

Baroque Architecture Characteristics

Baroque Architecture Characteristics Introduction The Baroque period took the humanist Roman view of Renaissance architecture and showed it in a new rhetorical, theatrical and sculptural fashion they expressed the triumph of absolutist church and state. The main view of Baroque architecture was more concerned about color, light and shade, sculptural values and intensity which could be seen in its characteristics. Baroque is defined periods in literature as well as music; however critics perceived it to be unstructured, over ornamented, theatrical and grotesque. Although many things influenced the Baroque period it was also influenced by religion as well as the countries politics. Architects were interested in the space of the unfolding universe as well as the workings of the mind and attempted to portray passions of the soul through facial expressions. Features The features of the baroque era showed long, narrow naves that were replaced by a broader, or occasionally with circular forms. It displayed dramatic use of light that could be either strong light-and-shade contrast (known as chiaroscuro)effects; or they used uniform lighting by means of several windows. Another feature was opulent use of ornaments (puttos made of wood (often gilded), plaster or stucco, marble or faux finishing), they used large-scale ceiling frescoes and Baroques external faà §ade is often characterized by a dramatic central projection, however the interior is often no more than a shell for painting and sculpture which was seen in the late Baroque period. Baroque features also include illusory effects like trompe loeil and the blending of painting and architecture and in other countries such as Bavaria, Czech, Polish, and Ukrainian the Baroque style contained, pear domes that were are ubiquitous. Characteristics The main characteristics for the Baroque era were energy, great amounts of tension and a sense of movement from the buildings. Its painting, sculpture and architecture evolved from mannerism and broke away from the rules of contemporary architecture, they demanded freedom to plan, design and decorate their buildings with what they wanted. Columns had twisted shafts which were placed in front of pilasters surrounded by cornices and covered with curved and broken pediments. They contained â€Å"over the top† and often unsuitable details with carved decoration. Interiors had gilded sculptures often in awkward poses; the architecture was noted for its curved lines. Many of Baroques additions were finished in bronze, marble, gold and silver. Baroque had a dynamic look and feel to its design; it was a useful classification for isolating the tendencies and products of stylistic change. It was seen as spacious, brilliant, theatrical, passionate, sensual, ecstatic, opulent, extravagant , versatile and virtuoso. It was an age of expansion following on an age of discovery, its expansion led to still further discovery about architectural design and decoration. Section A: Interiors S.Maria Della Salute (1631-1682) The interior of S.Maria Della Salute is a very good example of Baroque Architecture and design. It displays the Baroque essence in a way but is not completely over ornamented nor does it contain any unsuitable details. Marble is mainly used in the columns and the base appears to be gilded in bronze. Sculptures are carved from marble and stand high in the round of the dome. An altar can be seen and one might assume it is also gilded in bronze. It is an artwork in a way but it is not â€Å"over the top† in any way which can be seen from this view point. S.Pietro (1656 – 1667) The S.Pietro is another great example of Baroque architecture and design. In this photo we can see the bronze altar that stands just in front of the apse, we can see paintings that are decorated with gold boarders, marble columns and high walls, the domes contain gold ceilings. Walls are decorated with sculptures in free standing positions in the walls also made of marble. Light is given through high standing windows and the main dome from above through a sky light. Versailles (1660 – 1685) The Palace of Versailles is the most well known piece of Baroque Architecture and design known to date. It defines what the baroque period was about. It was extravagant, sensual, dynamic, passionate (paintings), versatile and opulent. Decorations were not silver but pure gold. Soft fabrics, bright colours and beautiful sculptures decorated the interiors of the Palace. In the Hall of Mirrors as seen in figure 8 sculptures themselves were cast in gold high windows offered light and glass chandeliers hung from a ceiling decorated in painting and gilded gold boarders. In the Queens Chambers as seen in figure 7 one can tell that not even the bedrooms were kept simple. Gold was also used and to an extent it was overly used. The focus of ones eye is led to the gold decoration and not the architectural values of the building. The exterior as seen in figure 6 one can see that the balcony railings were gilded in gold decoration as the sun makes this easy to see. Marble is also used on the faà §ade of the building but it is mainly decorated in gold. Rich vibrant colours can be seen throughout the palace as seen in figure 7 of the Queens Chambers. Section B: Interior Design Although the Baroque era contributed to the great buildings we see today, one cannot forget about the interiors. Although lavishly decorated the interiors are very well designed to accommodate certain aspects. Architects need to think like that in order to obtain a good sense of what works and what does not. I believe interior design does actually hint about it along the lines. We design what we think the client would like and then get an idea if the client likes it of not, if not we simply make a few changes to get a better feel and a better view of what they want. It is the same now as it is then. Interior designers design the space in which the client will be in every day. It requires a great deal of insight and a knowledge about a person, one might consider reading your client by talking to them, when you do that you can get better ideas. Simple designs often make better designs in these days however in the past if it was big, spacious and contained lavish decorations it was clas sified as good. Conclusion So from looking at the baroque architecture one can say that it played a great role in the design of buildings today. Many people who obtain an over and above salary sometimes have one or two rooms that give remembrance to the baroque style. It was certainly lavish, dynamic and â€Å"over the top† decorations were definitely a bit much for today’s modern society. Bibliography Tansey, R.G Kleiner, F.S. 1954. Chapter 24. Gardener’s Art Through The Ages: tenth edition. United States of America: Ted Buchhloz. Pages 816 – 904. Gardener, L. Chapter 10. Gardener’s Art Through The Ages: fourth edition. United States of America: G.Bell and Son Ltd, London. Page 397 onwards. Honour, H Fleming, J. 1982. Part 3: Chapter 13. A World History of Art. United Kingdom: RB Macmillion. Page 426 onwards. Wikipedia. 2008. Baroque.[online].[Accessed August 20, 2008]. Available from world wide web: Versailles. [online]. [Accessed August 20, 2008]. Available from world wide web: History of Baroque Architecture. [online]. [Accessed August 20, 2008]. Available from world wide web: Baroque Age. [online]. [Accessed August 20, 2008]. Available from world wide web:

Only A Surfer Knows The Feeling :: essays research papers

Only a Surfer Knows the Feeling There is a guy from Hawaii that I know. Every day, he wakes up, straps his surfboards to the racks on top of his car, drives his car from a town called Ewa, across the island of Oahu, to a little beach known as Ala Moana Beach Park. He does all of this even before the sun comes up. He spends a few minutes just looking at the ocean, watching and surveying the waves and how they break. As soon as the sun makes its first peek over the horizon, he grabs a board, waxes it up, and jumps in the water. He then paddles his board through what many people call a journey: two hundred yards of dark cold water, blistering currents, and waves pushing back against each stroke made to push forward. He makes this journey to get to a point right past where all the waves break, to a point called the line-up. It’s here, where he waits for a wave that he catches back towards the shore, only to make the journey back through all the cold harsh currents and waves again. He catches a few waves, and the n catches one all the way back to shore, where he showers, gets dressed and then goes off to work. He has one of the most stressful jobs I can think of. He is a counselor at one of the local shelters for teenage runaways. He deals with teen depression, suicidal tendencies, and coordinates bringing these kids back together with their families. And even though these tasks aren’t what most people would want to have to put up with in their lives, he does it every day. Furthermore, as stressful as his job seems to be, this man is one of the mellowest guys that I know. When asked why he does this morning ritual every day, he said, â€Å"surfing helps keep me focused†. And I believe him.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Think about it for a moment, each time a surfer goes to a beach, waxes up his board, and surveys the waves from the shore, he is preparing to go into the water to do something quite amazing. This person is willing to test not only his limits, but also the limits of what the ocean can do to him. He wants to battle the power of the entity that covers over seventy percent of the earth, manifested in the form of a wave, and ride it for all its worth.

Critical Thinking Essay

Today is the era of information culture and most facts come from critical thinking. More and more people are faced regularly with information they have to make proper decisions about. Critical thinking is the vital component of decision-making process and business world. Critical thinking is defined as the process of determining the accuracy, authenticity and worth of data and information, arguments, knowledge and claims. Critical thinking is generating, analyzing and examining ideas, learning to be cautious and sympathetic, learning to manipulate. The key point of critical thinking is to find and marshal good arguments and information, to avoid distortion and manipulation, to define truth and fallacies before product advertising. Actually, it helps expert to develop new approaches, to attract new customers and to retain the power on the old ones. Decision-making should be critical in its thinking and deliver properly selected and analyzed promotional plans, find technical solutions to existing problems, design new production lines, etc. (Feldman 2002) The purpose of critical thinking is rather three-fold: it has to be relevant to the segment of target market; it has to be memorable and recognizable beyond the moment of its exposure; it has to attract attention of indented viewer. In decision-making process critical thinking is a generative and lateral force, because it allows: to examine all ideas and arguments, to separate the ideas from their vehicles, to define false from true, and to separate accurate from distorted, incomplete from complete, etc. (Harris 1998) Example from Personal Experience I really appreciate the role of critical thinking in decision-making process. Sometimes, decision may seem less effective, though in perspective it will appear a winning one. Such situation happened to me. Once I had been working at confectionery. The idea was to put cake mixes on the market and manufacturers decided to put the highest quality into mixes. Women were required simply to add water, but, unfortunately, mixes fail to be sold good. I had to refer to my critical thinking to realize the women might feel guilty for not being good wives as they had to take shortcut to make a cake. I thought it would be better to take off milk and eggs as it would allow women to do something. Despite the fact that solution appeared to less efficient in theoretical terms, it was more practical. It was the first time I admitted the importance of critical thinking in decision-making. (Harris 1998) Benefits and Importance of Critical Thinking Critical thinking gives business experts and employees an opportunity to develop new fresh solutions to problems. Critical thinking gives the possibility to enjoy analyzing data and information and then to develop opinions and conclusions. In many cases employees analyze what is wrong with the idea or on-going process and then try to point out how to make this process right. Critical thinking in decision-making is used when it is necessary: to increase brand loyalty, to increase visibility and awareness of the goods and services that are being delivered, to stimulate increase in sales, to create opportunities to display products, to be socially responsible, and to entertain customers and prospects. (Harris 1998) Critical thinking is used when it is required to develop the habit of analyzing and to think about problematic issues instead of reacting to them. Thus, critical thinking sets them apart and then sees what is going on with them. One more benefit of critical thinking is developing attention. Critical thinking is necessary when paying attention to the opportunities opened ahead. It is a matter of fact that many original ideas are lost because of lack of attention and lazy attitude towards information. Critical thinking helps employees to find the best words and phrases to create a strong impression and impact on customers. Further, critical thinking develops awareness in decision-making process. It means that employees are able to look a round and to encompass the universe of thought. Employees possessing developed critical thinking won’t be fixed within the narrow confines of own perspective. They will be aware of different approaches available to problem solving. Critical thinking together with strong imagination is the best combination for a strong leader, because they allow him/her to play with data and to sort it in many different ways. Simply saying, critical thinking is optimistic curiosity, because really critically thinking employees want to know things. (Feldman 2002) Critical leaders are able to view opposing arguments with interest and sympathy. They prefer to listen thoughtfully and patiently to other workers and consider them carefully. Therefore, critical thinking provides them with knowledge what is going on in information society and with possible ways of verbal and non-verbal manipulations. They will create different meanings and impressions. It is a matter of fact that critical thinking gives the opportunity to form independent judgments that are based good evidence. Critically thinking people are able to not only to collect necessary data, but also to put them together into something new and meaningful. (Feldman 2002) Critical thinking is necessary for decision-making process, because it gives excellent possibilities to expand their own boundaries of thoughts and to broaden their ideas and perspectives in many ways by talking to people whose point of view is completely different, by listening to customers with respect to their needs and desires, by reading books and articles with deeper understanding of changes in society, by understanding different lifestyle and different cultures. (Harris 1998) Critical thinking is useful for driving growth in corporate and social marketing strategies, for building and maintaining markets and to make positive social contribution. What is more important is that critical thinking is the showcase of social responsibility. Employees with critical thinking can find ways how to increase influence and impact on customers’ behavior and how to contribute ethical reputation of the company or organization. (Feldman 2002) References Feldman, Daniel. (2002). Critical Thinking: Strategies for Decision Making. Boston, MA: Thomson Place. Harris, Robert. (1998, July 1). Introduction to Critical Thinking. Retrieved January 30, 2007, from http://www. virtualsalt. com/crebook1. htm